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A one dimensional climate model (radiative-convective climate model or (1D climate model) is a model of an atmosphere that includes energy transfer through radiation and convection but no winds, e.g., missing Hadley cells, vortices, Rossby waves, etc. In modeling the climate of an extra-solar planet, it is a rough approximation and for many exoplanets, likely all that can be accomplished with any accuracy. James Kasting developed such models. In contrast, three dimensional models handle the additional phenomena explicitly.
The term energy balance model (EBM) is used for very simple climate models, some of which are termed zero dimensional.