Balmer series
(H)
(hydrogen lines for electrons settling from n > 2 to n = 2)
The Balmer series is the set of
emission lines from atomic hydrogen gas,
due to electrons descending from
an electron shell of number n greater than 2 down to that of n = 2,
or the analogous absorption lines when absorbed electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
makes electrons do the opposite.
It is one of the hydrogen line series, such as
the Lyman series, and is
named after Johann Balmer.
The lines are within the optical atmospheric window and
given no redshift, those produced by astronomical sources
can be observed by ground telescopes.
Consequently the Balmer series was first series discovered and the lines are
commonly seen in spectra of objects within the
Milky Way, though the Lyman Series (down to n = 1) is in
some sense more basic.
Balmer series lines:
- 3 -> 2: H-alpha, H-α, 656.3 nm (red)
- 4 -> 2: H-beta, H-β, 486.1 nm (cyan)
- 5 -> 2: H-gamma, H-γ, 434.0 nm (blue)
- 6 -> 2: H-delta, H-δ, 410.2 nm (violet)
- 7 -> 2: H-epsilon, H-ε, 397.0 nm (ultraviolet)
- 8 -> 2: H-zeta, H-ζ, 388.9 nm (ultraviolet)
- 9 -> 2: H-eta, H-η, 383.5 nm (ultraviolet)
- ...
- infinity -> 2: the Balmer limit, 364.6 nm (ultraviolet)
Formula for the wavelengths:
wavelength = Balmer's constant × n² / ( n²-4 )
where
- wavelength is that of a Balmer series line.
- Balmer's constant = 3.6450682 × 10-7 m or 364.50682 nm (same as 4/RH where RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen).
- n is the higher electron shell number.
The Balmer series, especially H-α, is often used
to determine the redshift of quasars and
distant galaxies because it is often prominent.
(Balmer,hydrogen,line series,lines,spectrum)
Further reading:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmer_series
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/b/Balmer+series
http://dept.harpercollege.edu/chemistry/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/spec/5back5.htm
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/hydspec.html
https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/srd/jpcrd382009565p.pdf
WaveL | Freq | Photon Energy | | |
364nm | 824THz | 3.5eV | begin | Balmer series |
656nm | 457THz | 1.9eV | end | Balmer series |
|
Referenced by pages:
Balmer jump (BJ)
Balmer-break galaxy (BBG)
Be star
Bohr model
Brackett series
emission line galaxy (ELG)
emission nebula
H-alpha (Ha)
H-beta (Hβ)
Herbig AeBe star (HAeBe)
HII region (HII)
Humphreys series
hydrogen (H)
hyperfine structure
Lyman break (LB)
Lyman series (L)
Paschen series
Pfund series
quasar (QSO)
shell star (sh)
spectral line
spectral line designation
spectral line energy distribution (SLED)
star formation rate (SFR)
Index